GUÍA DE DISEÑO DE CAPTACIÓN DE MANANTIAL
INDICE
La guia de diseño de captacion de manantial, Fuentes de abastecimiento:
Las fuentes de agua constituyen el principal recurso en el suministro de agua en forma individual o colectiva para satisfacer sus necesidades de alimentación, higiene y aseo de las personas que integran una localidad.
Su ubicación, tipo, caudal y calidad del agua serán determinantes para la selección y diseño del tipo de sistema de abastecimiento de agua ha construirse. Cabe señalar que es importante seleccionar una fuente adecuada o una combinación de fuentes para dotar de agua en cantidad suficiente a la población y, por otro, realizar el análisis físico, químico y bacteriológico del agua y evaluar los resultados con los valores de concentración máxima admisible recomendados por la OMS.
Además de estos requisitos, la fuente de agua debe tener un caudal mínimo en época de estiaje igual o mayor al requerido por el proyecto; que no existan problemas legales de propiedad o de uso que perjudiquen su utilización y; que las características hidrográficas de la cuenca no deben tener fluctuaciones que afecten su continuidad.
TIPOS DE FUENTES DE AGUA
AGUA DE LLUVIA
El agua de lluvia se emplea en aquellos casos en que no es posible obtener agua superficial de buena calidad y cuando el régimen de lluvia sea importante. Para ello se utilizan los techos de las casas o algunas superficies impermeables para captar el agua y conducirla a sistemas cuya capacidad depende del gasto requerido y del régimen pluviométrico.
AGUAS SUPERFICIALES
El agua superficial se compone de arroyos, ríos, lagos, etc., que se ejecutan naturalmente en la superficie de la tierra. Estas fuentes no son tan deseables, especialmente si hay áreas habitadas o animales alimentados río arriba. Sin embargo, no hay otra fuente alternativa en la sociedad necesaria para su uso para obtener información detallada y completa que permita la visualización de su estado sanitario, los caudales disponibles y la calidad del agua.
AGUAS SUBTERRÁNEAS
Parte de las precipitaciones en la cuenca se infiltra en el suelo hasta la zona de saturación, formando así las aguas subterráneas. La explotación de éstas dependerá de las características hidrológicas y de la formación geológica del acuífero.
La captación de aguas subterráneas se puede realizar a través de manantiales, galerías filtrantes y pozos (excavados y tubulares).
TIPOS DE SISTEMAS
De acuerdo con la ubicación y naturaleza de la fuente de aprovisionamiento, así como la topografía del terreno, dos tipos de sistemas se consideran: Sistemas de gravedad y bombeo.
En los sistemas de agua potable por gravedad, la fuente debe estar ubicada en la parte superior de la población, de modo que el agua fluya a través de las cañerías, usando sólo la fuerza de la gravedad. En los sistemas de agua potable por bombeo, las fuentes de agua están en la parte inferior de la población, por lo que es necesario usar equipo de bombeo para elevar el agua a un depósito y presionar la red.
En la mayoría de las poblaciones rurales se utilizan dos tipos de fuentes de agua:
Las superficiales y las subterráneas, siendo la de mejor calidad las fuentes subterráneas representadas por los manantiales, que usualmente se pueden usar sin tratamiento, a condición de que estén adecuadamente protegidos con estructuras que impidan la contaminación del agua. Estas fuentes son las que se utilizan en los sistemas de aguapotable por gravedad sin tratamiento, que comparado con los de bombeo y/o de tratamiento, son de fácil construcción, operación y mantenimiento; tienen mayor continuidad; menores costos, y la administración del servicio es realizada por la misma población.
MANANTIALES
Se puede definir al manantial como un lugar donde se produce el afloramiento natural de agua subterránea. Por lo general el agua fluye a través de una formación de estratos con grava, arena o roca fisurada. En los lugares donde existen estratos impermeables, éstos bloquean el flujo subterráneo de agua y permiten que aflore a la superficie.
Los manantiales se clasifican por su ubicación y afloramiento. Debido a su ubicación, son laderas o profundas; y para su afloramiento son de tipo concentrado o difuso. En la ladera del manantial el agua aparece horizontalmente; mientras que en el fondo el agua sube hacia la superficie. Para ambos casos, si el afloramiento es para un solo punto y sobre una pequeña área, es un resorte concentrado y cuando el agua aparece en varios puntos en un área mayor, es un muelle difuso.
a) Cantidad
La carencia de registros hidrológicos nos obliga a realizar una concienzuda investigación de las fuentes. Lo ideal sería que los aforos se realizarán en temporada crítica de rendimientos que corresponde a los meses de estiaje y lluvias, con la finalidad de conocer los caudales máximos y mínimos. El caudal mínimo debe ser mayor al valor del consumo máximo diario (Qmd). El Qmd representa la demanda de la población al final de la vida útil considerado en el proyecto, siendo por lo
general, de 20 años para las obras de agua potable.
b) Calidad
Los requerimientos básicos para que el agua sea potable:
– Estar libre de organismos patógenos causantes de enfermedades.
– No contiene compuestos que tengan un efecto negativo, agudo o crónico
salud humana
– Sea aceptable (baja nubosidad, color pequeño, etc.).
– Sin salin.
– No contiene compuestos que acusan sabor y olor desagradables.
– No causa corrosión o incrustaciones en el sistema de suministro de agua,
y no manche la ropa lavada con ella.
En cada país existen reglamentos en los que se consideran los límites de tolerancia en los requisitos que debe satisfacer una fuente. Con la finalidad de conocer la calidad de la fuente que se pretende utilizar se deben realizar los análisis fisicoquímico y bacteriológico y conocer los rangos tolerables de la OMS, que son los referentes en el tema.
COMPARTE AHORA Y DESCARGA GRATIS AQUÍ ABAJO
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