GUÍA DE ENSAYO DE CASAGRANDE
DETERMINACION DE LOS LIMITES DE ATTERBERG.
Los suelos que poseen algo de cohesión, según su naturaleza y cantidad
de agua, pueden presentar propiedades que lo incluyan en el estado
sólido, semi-sólido, plástico o semi-líquido. El contenido de agua o
humedad límite al que se produce el cambio de estado varía de un suelo
a otro.
El método usado para medir estos límites se conoce como étodo de
Atterberg y los contenidos de agua o humedad con los cuales se
producen los cambios de estados, se denominan límites de Atterberg.
Ellos marcan una separación arbitraria, pero suficiente en la práctica,
entre los cuatro estados mencionados anteriormente.
La Norma chilena 1517/I Of. 1979 define los límites.
– Límite líquido (LL). Humedad de un suelo remoldeado, límite entre
los estados líquido y plástico, expresado en porcentaje.
– Límite plástico (LP). Humedad de un suelo remoldeado, límite entre
los estados plástico y semi-sólido, expresado en porcentaje.
– Límite de contracción (LC). Humedad máxima de un suelo para la
cual una reducción de la humedad no causa una variación del volumen
del suelo, expresado en porcentaje.
Esquemáticamente:
Sólido Semi – sólido Plástico Semi – Líquido Líquido
L C L P L L
Además, se define el índice de plasticidad (IP) como la diferencia entre
el límite líquido y el límite plástico (IP = LL – LP).
1.3.1. Determinación del límite líquido según NCh 1517/I Of. 1979 . El
límite líquido está definido, como el contenido de humedad con el
cual una masa de suelo colocada en un recipiente en forma de cuchara
(aparato de Casagrande), se separa con una herramienta patrón
(ranurador), se deja caer desde una altura de 1 cm. y sufre el cierre
de esa ranura en 1 cm. después de 25 golpes de la cuchara contra una
base de caucho dura o similar.
Casagrande (1932), determinó que el límite líquido es una medida de
resistencia al corte del suelo a un determinado contenido de humedad
y que cada golpe necesario para cerrar el surco, corresponde a un
esfuerzo cortante cercano a 1 gr/cm 2 .
La muestra de ensayo debe ser igual o mayor que 100 grs. y pasar
completamente por el tamiz de 0,5 mm. (malla Nº40 ASTM).
– E q u i p o n e c e s a r i o .
– Aparato de límite líquido (máquina de Casagrande), el que
consiste en una taza (cuchara) de bronce con una masa de 200 ± 20
grs., montada en un dispositivo de apoyo fijado a una base de
caucho, madera o plástico duro (figura 1.9.).
– Acanalador (Casagrande o ASTM), mango de calibre de 1 cm.
para verificar altura de caída de la cuchara (figura 1.10.).
– Plato de evaporación de porcelana de 120 mm. de diámetro.
– Espátula hoja flexible de 20 mm. de ancho y 70 mm. de largo.
– Horno de secado con circulación de aire y temperatura regulable
capaz de mantenerse en 110º ± 5º C.
– Balanza de precisión de 0,01 gr.
– Herramientas y accesorios. Placas de vidrio, agua destilada,
recipientes herméticos, malla Nº 40 ASTM y probeta de 25 ml de
capacidad.
Figura 1.9.
Secciones
del aparato de límite líquido.
Fuente: Valle Rodas R., 1982.
Figura 1.10. Acanaladores.
Fuente: NCh 1517/I Of. 1979.
–
Procedimiento. Se pone la muestra en el plato de evaporación
agregándole suficiente cantidad de agua destilada, mezclando con
la espátula hasta lograr una pasta homogénea. Esta muestra debe
curarse durante el tiempo que sea necesario para lograr una
adecuada distribución de la humedad.
Se coloca el aparato de límite líquido sobre una base firme
(verificando que esté limpia y seca) y se deposita en la taza unos
50 a 70 grs. del material preparado previamente, para luego alisar
la superficie con la espátula, de modo que la altura obtenida en el
centro sea de 10 mm. y la masa ocupe un volumen de 16 cm 3
aproximadamente. Una vez enrasado, se pasa el acanalador para
dividir la pasta en dos partes, a través de un surco de 63 mm. de
longitud. Si se presentan desprendimientos de la pasta en el fondo
de la taza, se debe retirar todo el material y reiniciar el
procedimiento.
Cuando se tiene el surco, se gira la manivela del aparato con una
frecuencia de 2 golpes por segundo, contando el número de golpes
necesarios para que la ranura cierre en 10 mm. de longitud en el
fondo de ella (secuencia en la figura 1.11.). Finalmente, se toman
aproximadamente 10 grs. del material que se junta en fondo del
surco para determinar la humedad.
El material sobrante se traslada al plato de evaporación para
mezclarlo nuevamente con agua destilada y repetir el procedimiento
por lo menos 2 veces más, de modo de obtener tres puntos que
varíen en un rango de 15 a 35 golpes (ideal es tomar 5 puntos). Es
importante señalar que el ensayo se debe realizar desde la
condición más húmeda a la más seca.
REFERENCIAS
- – Manual de ensayos de laboratorio de suelos
- – Precios de ensayos de laboratorio de suelos
- – Precios de ensayos de laboratorio de suelos uni
- – Costos de ensayos de laboratorio de suelos
- – Tipos de ensayos de laboratorio de suelos
- – Lista de precios ensayos de laboratorio de suelos
- – Manual de ensayos de laboratorio de suelos mtc
- – Videos de ensayos de laboratorio de suelos
- – Normas para ensayos de laboratorio de suelos
- – Manual de ensayos de laboratorio de suelos en ingenieria
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