MANUAL – PRODUCCIÓN DE BIOGAS
La aplicación del biogas en el área rural ha sido muy importante dentro de ella se pueden diferenciar dos campos claramente distintos. En el primero, el objetivo buscado es dar energía, sanidad y fertilizantes orgánicos a los agricultores de zonas marginales o al productor medio de los países con sectores rurales de muy bajos ingresos y difícil acceso a las fuentes convencionales de energía.
En este caso la tecnología desarrollada ha buscado lograr digestores de mínimo costo y mantenimiento fáciles de operar pero con eficiencias pobres y bajos niveles de producción de energía.
La fermentación anaeróbica es un proceso natural que ocurre en forma espontánea en la naturaleza y forma parte del ciclo biológico. De esta forma podemos encontrar el denominado “gas de loa pantanos” que brota en aguas estancadas, el gas natural metano) de los yacimientos petrolpíferos asi como el gas producido en el tracto digestivo de los rumiantes como los bovinos.

En todos estos procesos intervienen las denominadas bacterias metanogénicas. Las primeras menciones sobre biogas se remontan al 1.600 identificados por varios científicos como un gas proveniente de la descomposición de la materia orgánica.
En el año 1890 se construye el primer biodigestor a escala real en la India y ya en 1896 en Exeter, Inglaterra, las lámparas de alumbrado público eran alimentadas por el gas recolectado de los digestores que fermentaban los lodos cloacales de la ciudad. Tras las guerras mundiales comienza a difundirseen Europa las llamadas fábricas productoras de biogás cuyo producto se empleaba en tractores y automóviles de la época.
En todo el mundo se difunden los denominados tanques Imhoff para el tratamiento de aguas cloacales colectivas. El gas producido se lo utilizó para el funcionamiento de las propias plantas, en vehículos municipales y en algunas ciudades se lo llegó a inyectar en la red de gas comunal. Durante los años de la segunda guerra mundial comienza la difusión de los biodigestores a nivel rural tanto en Europa como en China e India que se transforman en líderes en la materia.
Esta difusión se ve interrumpida por el fácil acceso a los combustibles fósiles y recién en la crisis energética de la década del 70 se reinicia con gran ímpetu la investigación y extensión en todo el mundo incluyendo la mayoría de los países latinoamericanos. Los últimos 20 años han sido fructíferos en cuanto a descubrimientos sobre el funcionamiento del proceso microbiológico y bioquímico gracias al nuevo material de laboratorio que permitió el estudio de los microorganismos intervinientes en condiciones anaeróbicas (ausencia de oxígeno). Estos progresos en la comprensión del proceso microbiológico han estado acompañado por importantes logros de la investigación aplicada obteniéndose grandes avances en el campo tecnológico.
Contenido:
- Introducción
- Aspectos tecnológicos
- Principios de la fermentación anaeróbica
- Metanogenesis
- Prerequisitos necesarios para iniciar el proceso
- Etapas intervinientes
- Principales factores que afectan la producción de gas
- Tecnología empleada en la digestión anaeróbica
- Otro tipo de clasificación
- Modelos de digestores más difundidos
- Componentes del sistema
- Sistemas de acarreo o alimentación
- Cámaras de carga
- Conductos, canales y bombas
- Cámara de digestión
- Almacenamiento del efluente
- Almacenamiento del biogas
- Principios de la fermentación anaeróbica
- Campos de aplicación de los productos del sistema
- El biogas
- Composición y características
- Usos
- Principios de la combustión
- Diferentes aplicaciones
- Acondicionamiento del biogas
- El efluente
- Características
- Efecto del efluente sobre el suelo
- Efecto sobre los cultivos
- Aspecto sanitario
- Otros usos
- El biogas
- Evaluación económica de energías no convencionales: el caso del biogas
- Introducción
- Factores a tener en cuenta
- Análisis preliminar
- Estudio de los insumos y productos involucrados
- Materia prima
- Bioga
- Efluente
- Trabajo
- Capital
- Otros productos
- Determinantes socioeconómicos de la demanda de biogas
- Insumos con bajo costo de oportunidad
- La eficiencia del sistema sea “adecuada”
- Los productos generados tengan un alto costo de oportunidad
- Prioridades en la investigación.
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Sua gordura sеrá queimada е transformada em energia.
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